Financial Terms Glossary (English)
Navigating the financial world requires understanding its specialized vocabulary. This glossary provides definitions for common financial terms, helping you better comprehend financial news, investment strategies, and economic reports.
Key Terms
- Asset: Anything of economic value that an individual, company, or organization owns or controls with the expectation that it will provide future benefit. Examples include cash, stocks, bonds, real estate, and equipment.
- Liability: An obligation of an individual or organization to transfer assets or provide services to another entity in the future as a result of past transactions or events. Examples include accounts payable, loans, and deferred revenue.
- Equity: The residual value of assets after deducting liabilities. For a company, it represents the owners’ stake in the business. Also known as net worth.
- Revenue: The income generated from a company’s normal business operations, typically from the sale of goods or services. Also known as sales or turnover.
- Expense: The cost incurred in operating a business, including wages, rent, utilities, and cost of goods sold.
- Profit: The financial gain realized when revenue exceeds expenses. Also known as net income or earnings.
- Interest Rate: The percentage charged by a lender to a borrower for the use of assets. It’s often expressed as an annual percentage rate (APR).
- Inflation: A general increase in the prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time, resulting in a decrease in the purchasing power of money.
- Deflation: A general decrease in the prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time, resulting in an increase in the purchasing power of money. It’s the opposite of inflation.
- Stock: A share of ownership in a company, representing a claim on part of the corporation’s assets and earnings.
- Bond: A debt instrument in which an issuer (e.g., a corporation or government) owes the holders a debt and is obliged to pay them interest (coupon) and/or to repay the principal at a later date, termed the maturity date.
- Mutual Fund: A professionally managed investment fund that pools money from many investors to purchase a diversified portfolio of stocks, bonds, or other assets.
- Hedge Fund: A private investment fund that uses a variety of strategies, including leverage and short selling, to generate returns for sophisticated investors. Hedge funds are typically less regulated than mutual funds.
- Derivatives: Financial contracts whose value is derived from the performance of an underlying asset, index, or rate. Examples include futures, options, and swaps.
- Volatility: The degree of variation of a trading price series over time, usually measured by the standard deviation of returns. High volatility indicates larger price swings, while low volatility indicates smaller price swings.
- Liquidity: The degree to which an asset or security can be bought or sold quickly in the market without affecting the asset’s price. Cash is the most liquid asset.
- Market Capitalization: The total value of a company’s outstanding shares of stock, calculated by multiplying the number of shares outstanding by the current share price.
- Portfolio: A collection of investments held by an individual or organization.
- Diversification: Spreading investments across different asset classes, sectors, and geographic regions to reduce risk.
This glossary is not exhaustive, but it covers many fundamental financial terms. Continuously expanding your financial vocabulary is essential for informed decision-making in personal and professional finance.
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