De Finibus Rei Pecuniariae: Cogitationes Latinae
Res oeconomica, quae vulgo “financia” appellatur, est disciplina multiplex quae circa administrationem pecuniae et opum versatur. Eius radices in antiquitate iacent, etsi nomen ipsum recens est. Romani antiqui, licet “financia” vocabulo non uterentur, res pecuniarias et commercium gravissime curabant. Forum Romanum, locus negotiationis et cambii, testimonium est industriae mercatoriae eorum.
Principia rei oeconomicae in philosophia et iure fundantur. Aristoteles, philosophus Graecus, disseruit de “chrematistica,” arte acquirendi divitias, et distinxit eam a “oeconomia,” gestione domus et bonorum. Romani, per ius civile, normas de contractibus, proprietate, et debitis statuerunt, quae fundamentum systematis finanziarii moderni iacuerunt. Usura, licet saepe condemnata, pars integralis erat oeconomiae, et leges contra nimiam usuram (fenus) latae sunt.
Hodierna res oeconomica divisa est in plures partes. Res oeconomica personalis spectat ad administrationem pecuniae ab individuis, ad salvandum, ad collocandum, et ad consilia pro futuro creando. Res oeconomica corporalis pertinet ad societates et ad modum pecuniae impendendae et acquirendae ad operationes sustinendas et profectum augendum. Res oeconomica publica respicit gubernationes et ad collectionem tributorum, ad impensas publicas, et ad debitum publicum administrandum.
Instrumenta finanziaria varia et multiplex sunt. Obligationes (obligationes) sunt promissa solvendi debitum cum usura. Actiones (actiones societatis) repraesentant proprietatem in societate. Derivativa (instrumenta derivata), ut optiones (optiones) et futura (contractus futuri), sunt contractus quorum valor ex valore alterius rei dependet. Praeterea, fora finanziaria, ut bursae (bursae) et mercatus monetarii (mercatus monetarii), locum praebent ubi haec instrumenta emuntur et venduntur.
Risks (pericula) et praemia (praemia) inseparabiliter coniuncta sunt in re oeconomica. Quaelibet collocatio periculum secum fert, sed etiam potentiam profectus. Diversificatio (diversificatio), ars spargendi collocationes in plures res, utilis est ad periculum minuendum. Analysationem fundamentalem (analysationem fundamentalem) et technicam (analysationem technicam) adhibemus ad aestimandum valorem rerum et ad consilia prudentia faciendum. Inflatus (inflatus), devaloratio pecuniae, et recessio oeconomica (recessio oeconomica) sunt provocationes quae systema finanziarium afficiunt. Gentes per consilia monetaria (consilia monetaria) et fiscalia (consilia fiscalia) conantur has provocationes mitigare. Denique, res oeconomica est vis potentissima quae vitam nostram cotidianam afficit. Intellectus eius principiorum et instrumentorum essentialis est ad prosperitatem et securitatem pecuniariam obtinendam.
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